Jwari

Gramineae

Sorghum bicolour moench

Rainfed

Light Soil_ Selection-3 and Phule mauli (RSLG-262) Phule Anuradha (RSV-458)

Medium Soil- Phule mauli (RSLG-262), Phule chitra (SPV 1546), CSV - 14R, rbhani Moti (SPV-1411), Maldandi -35- 1

Heavy soil- Improved varieties- Vasudha (RSV-423) Phule Yashoda (SPV- 1359),  SV-22, PKV Kranti Hybrid- CSH-15, CSH-19

The optimum time of sowing rabi sorghum is 15 th September to 15 th October

1) Sorghum is purely a tropical crop and suited to areas of moderate rainfall.

2) It thrives well in the region having mean temperature of over 27 0 c

3) The average temperature during the growing season should be 21 0 c to 32 0 c

however many varieties can stand a minimum temperature of 10-16 and maximum of 40 0 c

4) It is drought resistant crop and hence idal crop for the cultivation in region which depend entirely upon rainfall.

5) It regulates transpiration and remains dormant during the period of drought and starts active growth when the moisture status of the soil improves.

6) It can be grown in areas receiving 350 to 1000 mm rainfall.

7) Excessive soil moisture as well as prolonged drought is harmfull for the crop growth.

Soil should be medium to heavy for jowar.

Land is prepared by giving 3-4 harrowing . In dry farming , ploughing once in three years is recommended to keep down the growth of weeds such as cynodon dactylon (Harilyali), Cyprus rotundas (Lavala/ Nut grass) and to minimize the cost of production. In light to medium soil every year ploughing is essential. The rabi sorghum is generally grown after Green gram/ Black gram or keeping the land fallow during kharif . If it is to be sown after green gram /black gram the land is prepared by giving 2-3 harrowing or it is fallow about 3 harrowing are sufficient.

1) The seed treated with 30% brine (salt) solution for control of ergot disease.

2) Seed is treated with 300 mesh fine sulphur @ 4 g/kg of seed for the control of grains and loose smut disease.

3) Seed is treated with Thiram 3 g /kg of seed for control of head smut disease..

4) Use neem ark 5% or Quinolphos 15ml/10 lit one or two spraying for control of stem fly.

5) The seed of sorghum may be treated with Azotobactor culture and PSB with @

25 g/kg of seed for increasing ‘N’ fixation.

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Rabi sorghum crop commonly sown by drilling method and dibbling is also used.

The optimum time of sowing rabi sorghum is 15 th September to 15 th October.

Drilling 45 cm row to row and plant to plant distance 15 cm. For sowing two bowled, three cultured seed drill is used. Due to two bowled seed drill seed and fertilizers can be sown simultaneoulsly at a time. Seed should be sown at less than 5 cm depth. Seed hould be placed in the moist zone.

1.48 lakh plants / ha

Improved varieties- 10 kg /ha

Hybrids- 8 kg /ha

a) Thinning – The 1 st thinning is carried out 10-12 days after sowing and 2 nd

thinning is carried out 20 days after sowing and to maintain the desired plant population.

b) Weeding & hoeing- Generally 1-2 weeding and 3 hoeing are given to the rabi sorghum crop. Crop should be keep weed free upto 30-40 days from sowing. The first hoeing is done when the crop is of 3 weeks lod with a slit blade hoe and 2 nd hoeing is done 5 weeks after sowing with an entire blade hoe. 3 rd hoeing is done 8 weeks of crop age with toothed hoe. At the time of 3 rd hoeing the thread /rope is tied to hoe. Due to thread /rope tying soil is put near the root and it help for retention of rainwater.. The hoeing operation helps in controlling weeds to some extent and to conserve the moisture in the soil by formation of natural mulch. In between two hoeing one hand weeding is given to the crop to control the weed growth.

Apply 6-8 t/ha fym before last harrowing well mixed with soil.

Gap Filling- after 8-10 days after sowing by adding seeds to soil. No special seedling growing.

The rabi sorghum grown as irrigated crop required about 39 to 41 ha cm total irrigation. The crop is irrigated by preparing saras of 8 to 10 m. length and 2-3 m breadth according to slope of land. Lack of soil moisture at this stage may reduce the yield to the extent of 60% At each irrigation 6-8 ha cm water is applied. According to soil moisture regime during rabi season irrigation at 50% depletion of available soil water in 0-30 cm soil layer was reported optimum

Atrazine @ 1-2 kg /ha in in 500 litter of water as pre emergence spray has been very effective in control the broad leaves weeds. 2-4 D (2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid ) @ 1-1.5 kg a.i. /ha in  500 liter of water as post emergence spray 3-4 weeks after sowing.

1) Preplant soil application of Fenac or 2,3,6-TBA reduces parasitism by striga.

2) Use of Attazine as a pre emergence spray in combination with 2,4-D.

3) Striga litura (witch weed ) is the common parasite weed on sorghum crop. For

controlling striga weed spraying of 2-4- D @ 1 kg a.i/ha has been found more effective . Applied 2,4-D twice from 2 weeks to 70 days after sowing.

4) Mechanical control- Destruction of striga weed before setting seeds by removal.

Reducing the reservoir of striga in the soil. – Trap cropping crop rotation and

use of germination stimulants are effective measure in this direction. Growing a

susceptible crop and ploughing it under before striga establishment on it acts as

trap crop in certain situations. Ethrel , Ethlylene , Strigol are some stimulants

for germinating striga seeds . Use of these stimulants is aimed to induce

germinating of striga and destroy by ploughing.

1) Grain Mould- spraying of Carbendzim (0.1%) + thiram (0.2%) or spraying of Captan (0.2%) + Dithane -M- 45

2) Ergot of sorghum- seed treatment with 30% brine solution Spraying of thiram @ 0.2%

3) Downey mildew- spraying of metalaxil M.Z.72 @ 0.2% (Ridomil M. Z. T.Z.)

4) Charcoal rot- Crop rotation and mixed cropping , low N 2 doses, Soil conservation practices – mulching

5) Grain smut and loose smut- seed treatment with 300 mesh sulphur @ 4g/kg of seed

1) Shoot / stem fly-  catterpiller damaging stage causing dead hearts

    Control measures- collection and destruction of dead hearts                                  Carbosulphan @ 50 gm/kg of seed , Spraying of Quinolphos 25% @ 300 ml in 200 lit of wter after 7 days and spraying after 10 days.

2) Stem borer- catterpiller damaging stage Control Measures- collection and destruction of dead hearts, Spraying of Neem seed kernel extraction 5% or spraying Tricophos @ 100 ml in 500 lit of water.

3) Midge fly

Control measures- Adapt Zonal sowing- sow same variety at same time for 8-

                             10 villages

                             Burn the thresh material before 15 th May

                             Spraying of / dusting of Quinolphos 5% G/Malathian @

                             1000 ml or Carbaryl @ 2 kg /ha in 500 lit of water.

4) Army fly

Control Measures - Adapt Zonal sowing- sow same variety at same time for 8-

                              10 villages

                              Burn the thresh material before 15 th May

                              Spraying of / dusting of Quinolphos 5% G/Malathian @

                              1000 ml or Carbaryl @ 2 kg /ha in 500 lit of water.

5) Leaf eating Catterpiller

Control Measures- Adapt Zonal sowing- sow same variety at same time for 8-

                             10 villages

                             Burn the thresh material before 15 th May

                             Spraying of / dusting of Quinolphos 5% G/Malathian @

                             1000 ml or Carbaryl @ 2 kg /ha in 500 lit of water.

6) Mites

Control Measures- Dusting 300 meh Sulphur @ 20 kg /ha

7) Aphids & Jassids

Control measures- Spraying Dimethoate @ 500 ml or Methyldemeton @ 400                               ml or Monocrotophos @ 300 ml in 500 lit of water.

1) Early maturing varieties are used

2) Cut stem at ground level by leaving stubble height of 3-4 cm. It retains enough

carbohydrates for regrowth.

3) Apply fertilizer dose of 25-30 kg N, 20-25 kg P2O5 per ha and give irrigation

4) The varieties and hybrids are suitable for ratooning are CSH-5, CSH-14, CSH-

16, CSH-18, SPV-357 and SPV -472

Proper stage of crop for harvesting

Maturity Symptoms- genrally yellowing of leaves and stem , peduncle turns

yellowish, grains becomes hard, grains pressed between teeth girs cracking sounds,

moisture content in grain reduces to 18-20% when earhad pressed in between palms

grains separate out.

Method of harvesting-

Rainfed- Jowar pull out

Irrigated – cut at root / near ground level.

cleaning and drying- Harvesting done by nipping earheads, cut at

ground level or pulling out plants allowed dry I field for 4-5 days. Earheads are cut

earhead done by under feet of bullock or mechanical threshing winnowing is done

under natural wind / winnower. The produce dried in the sun and stored when grain

having the moisture content 10-11%

Improved Varieties- 25-30 Qtls/ha

Hybrids- 40-45 Qtls/ha

Storage Bins, Gunney bags, Polythene bags

Starch , Alcohol, Papad, Pop, Syrup, Jaggery

1) It is fourth most important world cereal following Wheat, rice and maize.

2) It is staple food crop of the drier parts of tropical Africca, India and China.

3) The grain flour is used for preparation of rottees and brewing.

4) Ear heads of some sweet variteis Wani, Gulbhendi, Dagadi and Phule Uttara are

baked on fire and eaten as Hurda.

5) The grain of some varities is popped and consumed as pop grain.

6) The dry stalks and leaves called kadbi are used as fodder for cattle or also

grown for green fodder purpose.

7) Grain is also used for manufacturing starch, syrup , glucose, sugar tablets oil,

gluten and a poultry feed.

8) It contain proteins 9-11%

9) Sweet sorghum stalks are used for preparation of jaggery.

Grading and cleaning, Package in 30 kg bag.

Among the sorghum growing countries India rank first in acreage but second in

production. USA bing the largest producer in the world. The other important

sorghum growing countries are China, Nigeria, Australia, udan and Argentina.

The highest area under sorghum i.e. 42% is in Maharashtra followed by Karnataka,

A.P. & M.P with 11-14% and Gujrat, Rajasthan, Tamilnadu and U.P 4-6% . The

remaining stats have small area. The Maharashtra ranks first in production followed

by M.P. Karnataka and A.P . In Maharashtra sorghum is grown in all districts

except coastal districts of Thane, Raigad and Ratnagiri. Dhule, Nashik, Nagar ,

Pune Solapur, Satara, Sangli, Aurangabad, Parbhani, Beed Osmanabad and

Chandrapur districts have larger area under rabi sorghum

Maharashtra, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh.

In Maharashtra - Pune, Mumbai, Thane, New Mumbai, Pimpari Chinchwad, Satara,

Sangli, Nashik