Harbhara, Chana
Harbhara, Chana
Leguminoceae
Cicer arietinum
A) Deshi gram
i) Rainfed= Vijay, Phule G-12, Digvijay, Vishal
ii) Irrigated= Vikas (PG-1), Vishwas (PG-5), Phule G-12, Vijay, Vishal, Digvijay,Rajas
B) Kabuli Gram-
Virat, Vihar, PKV-2 (KAK-2) , Shweta Old varieties of gram- Chafa, N-59, N-31, Warangal, Halwa, Gulab, D-8, BDN -9-3, Annegiri
Gram crop commonly cultivated in only rabi season
1) Gram is winter/ cold season legume crop.
2) It is generally grown as dry crop in rabi season.
3) It is best suited to the areas receiving low to moderate rainfall 650-1000 and mild old weather.
4) Severe cold is injurious and is very harmful to gram.
5) Cloudy weather and frost at flowering stage has adverse effect on pod formation in gram.
a) Gram is fertility restorative crop.
b) In North India the crop is grown on light alluvial soil.
c) In (Maharashtra) Deccan plateau and south India crop is cultivated on water retentative clay loams and black cotton soils.
d) The best type of soil for chickpea is well drainded and not too heavy.
e) It is unsuitable to the soils having pH more than 8.5, suitable soil for gram growing is pH 6.0 to 8.5 .
It is hardy crop. Gram crop required clodded and rough seedbed. Usually gram is sown as second crop after harvest of the kharif crops. One ploughing after harvest of previous crop followed by two harrowing are enough to prepare seed bed.
a) Seed is treated with thirum @ 2 gm /kg of seed + Bavistin @ 2 gm/kg of seed to control seed born fungal diseases (wilt) or seed is treated with tricoderma @ 5 g/kg of seed to control seed born fungal diseases (wilt).
b) Seed should be treated with Rhizobium and PSB each of culture @ 250 g/10 kg of seed for increasing nitrogen fixation. It increase the crop yield 10-15 %.
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Crop is generally sown by drilling method with two bowl and four coulter seed drill or by dropping the seeds behind plough furrow particularly after the harvest of the previous paddy or other crop.
a) In the region where irrigation facilities is not available the proper time of sowing is last wek of september.
b) In the regions where irrigation facilities are available the optimum time of sowing is mid October to mid November.
c) Kabuli gram sown only in irrigated condition.
Spacing in gram should be kept 30 cm between the rows and 10 cm. Depth of sowing- The seed should be placed 8-10 cm deep because shallow sown crop is more liable to be damaged by wilt. Deep sowing also promotes better root development.
with the spacing of 30 x 10 cm the plant population is 3.25 to 3.50 lakh plants /ha.
(kg/ha)- 60 – 100 kg /ha seed of gram is used for sowing.
a) Thinning
b) Weeding and hoeing
1) It required 2 hoeing and 1 weeding . First hoeing is done 20 days after sowing, second hoeing is done 30 days after sowing. In between two howing one hand weeding is given . Howing should be carried out a vapsa condition. In rainfed condition on hoeing is useful for preventing cracks of the soil and conserving soil moisture.
2) For weed control spray Basalin 2.5 lit/ha in 500 lit water.
1) Manures Use 6-7 tinnes of FYM /ha before last harrowing.
2) Fertilizers- 25 kg N , 50 kg P2O5 and 30 kg K2O or 125 kg DAP /ha and 50 kg P2O5 at the time of sowing with two bowl sed drill. Top dressing is not given to pulse crops. 2% urea spraying is given at the time of pod filling stage.
Methods of Irrigation
1) If gram crop grawn as irrigated two irrigation with 6-7.5 ha cm of water aregiven generally at monthly intervals after sowing provided that sufficient soil moisture is present at the time of sowing.
2) If one irrigation is available it should be given at 40-45 days after sowing.
3) If two irrigation are available first should be scheduled at 30-35 days after sowing and second at 65-70 days after sowing.
4) One irrigation in gram may increase the yield to the extent of 30 % and if two are given at two critical growth stages yield increase is 60%.
1) One hoeing and 2 weeding
2) Preemrgence application of Nitrafen @ 1.0 kg/ha in 600 lit of water has beenfound to be effective.
3) Post emergence application of Quizalofop ethyl @ 0.04-0.05 kg/ha in 500 lit ofwater for excellent control of annual grasses.
Soil borne diseases- Fusarium wilt, Dry root rot, Black root rot, wet root rot, Foot rot
1) Grow resistant varities use disease free seed . Avoid late sowing follow 4 year crop rotation.
2) Seed treatment with Carbendazim @ 2 g/kg or benomyl @ 3 g /kg of seed
3) Seed treatment with Captan or thirum or benomyl @ 3 g /kg of seed Foliar Diseases- Ascochyta blight, Anthracnose
1) Seed treatment with thirum @ 3 g/kg
Pod borer, Cut worm, Bruchids- Spray endosulphan 2 m/l and Indoxacarb @ 1 ml/l Biological control- Spray need seed entract (5%)
1) Nipping in gram- the term nipping means removal of apical or terminal bud. Nipping in gram is generally carried out about 30-35 days after sowing. The main object of nipping is to encourage more branching.
2) Collection of malic acid/ Amb from gram when gram plants attain age of 50-60 day leaves secrete malic acid locally called as Amb. The malic acid is collected by running a muslin cloth over a gram plant in early morning and squeezing it in bucket. About 5-7 lit of malic acid is collected from one hectare of a crop. It has medicinal value against stomach disorders and blood purification.
Harvesting is done by cutting the plant close to the ground level with sharp sickle. Harvesting should be done during morning hours. Crop is allowed to dry in sunlight on threshing floor for about five to six days.
Threshing is done either by beating the plants with sticks or by trampling undef the feet of bullocks. Threshing is also done with mechanical thresher.
(Qtls /ha) Rainfed gram qverage yield 10-12 Q/ha Irrigated gram average yield 25-30 Q/ha
storage Bins, Gunny bags, Polythene bags
Dal besan, Roasted, salted grains, Gram floor
1) Gram is most important rbi npulse crop of our country.
2) It is consumed in the form of dal, besan, crushed or whole grain, boiled or parched roasted or cooked salted or unsalted, Puran poli.
3)Many sweets are also prepared from gram.
4) Green foliage (Tops) as early stages are used as green vegetable
5) Malic acid and oxalic acids or Amb is collected from leaves which has medicinal value for stomach ache, blood purification etc.
6) Gram grain contains 22% protein, 56.5% carbohydrates, 4-10% fat, minerals and vitamines.
7) Soaked grain and husk are fed to horse and cattle as concentrate and roughage respectively.
Grading and cleaning packaged in 30 kg bags.
Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh (Telangana), Maharashtra, Gujarat
Andhra PradeshBihar, Gujarast, Haryana, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan In Maharashtra- Ahmednagar, Nagpur, Murud, Jalana, Aurangabad, Solapur, Sangli, Pune, Baramati, Kalyan, Dhule, Thane,
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